Plutarch, a classical Greek historian, has written biographies of prominent Greeks and Romans, compiled in his work
Parallel Lives. In Plutarch's biography of Solon, we learn that there were three factions competing for political dominance in Athens. One of these factions was headed by Pisistratus, who gave the impression that he was leading the masses to equality, though in fact he was merely ambitious for power. Pisistratus, in order to make himself favorable to the populace, put on a false front:
“he had the reputation of being a cautious and law-abiding man, who set great store by equality... [but he] completely deceived most people on these points” *
Yet, his greatest deception was but to come:
“The day came when Pisistratus deliberately wounded himself, drove into the market-place in a chariot and tried to rouse the people with the story that his enemies had organized a conspiracy to murder him because of his political programme.” (73)
The masses bought into his story, and when they came together in the Assembly, it was agreed that Pisistratus should have armed bodyguards to protect him from his supposed enemies. Initially, it was argued that the number of bodyguards be limited to fifty men, but the Assembly finally voted to allow Pisistratus an unlimited number of guards, whom he could take anywhere in the city. After having gathered his bodyguards, Pisistratus marched them straight into the Acropolis. He took over Athens and became tyrant over the city.
It is worthwhile to reflect on Solon’s admonitions to the Athenians, both before and after Pisistratus had secured himself as ruler. Following the purported attack on Pisistratus, many Athenians, including Solon, saw through the plot. However, many Athenians were too afraid to make a stand. Plutarch writes the following:
“Solon saw that the poorer classes were thoroughly roused and were determined to support Pisistratus, while the rich were too frightened to make any kind of stand against him. So he left the Assembly with a parting shot to the effect that he possessed more sense than the one party and more courage than the other; he was wiser than those who could not see through the plot, and braver than those who, although they were not taken in, were afraid to stand up to a tyrant.” (74)
As we have seen, both idiocy and cowardice put Athens into the hands of a tyrant; for after Solon left the Assembly, it had voted in favor of allowing Pisistratus to have armed guards, which were subsequently used against the city. Once Pisistratus had already seized power, and it was clear to all that Pisistratus was a tyrant, Solon attempted to rouse the courage of the Athenians so that they could take back their city. Plutarch writes of Solon:
“It was on this occasion, too, that he uttered the famous remark that it would have been easier at an earlier stage to forestall the tyranny while it was still being hatched, but that it was an even greater and nobler task to destroy it now that it was already established and fully grown.” (74)
No one in Solon’s day listened, and Pisistratus remained in power. All of this occurred circa 560 B.C. This may not be the earliest false flag terror event, but it is certainly an early demonstration of a “self-inflicted wound” used for political gain. Moreover, we should remember that Plutarch was not writing merely to inform his readers about past events: he was hoping that his readers would learn from them. Perhaps we should heed Solon’s words in our own time.
* The Rise and Fall of Athens. Ian Scott-Kilvert, trans. Penguin Books, 1960. P. 73.